Day 703

Saturday.  Sunday.

Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 2014
The Evolution of Galaxy Structure Over Cosmic Time
Conselice

A comprehensive review of the evolution of galaxy structure in the Universe from z~6 to the local Universe.  Detailed pedagogical review of the major methods used to study galaxies morphologically and structurally, including the well-established visual methods for morphology; Sérsic fitting to measure galaxy sizes and surface brightness profile shapes; and non-parameteric structural methods (Concentration, Asymmetry, Clumpiness (CAS) method, Gini/M_20 parameters, and new structural indices).  These structural indices measure fundamental properties of galaxies, such as their scale, SFR, and ongoing merger activity.  Extensive observational results demonstrate how broad galaxy morphologies and structures change with time up to z~3, from small, compact and peculiar systems in the distant Universe to the formation of the Hubble sequence, dominated by spirals and ellipticals.  Structural methods accurately identify galaxies in mergers and allow measurements of the merger history out to z~3.  Depict properties and evolution of internal structures of galaxies, such as bulges, disks, bars, and at z>1 large SF clumps.  Describe the structure and morphologies of host galaxies of AGN and starbursts/submillimeter galaxies, along with how morphological galaxy quenching occurs.  The role of environment in producing structural changes in galaxies over cosmic time is also discussed.  Galaxy sizes can also change with time, with measured sizes up to a factor of 2-5 smaller at high z at a given stellar mass.  Conclude with a discussion of how the evolving trends, in sizes, structures, and morphologies, reveal the formation mechanisms behind galaxies and provides a new and unique way to test theories of galaxy formation.